I-cellulose ether
I-Cellulose ether yitemu elivamile lochungechunge lwemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-alkali cellulose kanye ne-etherifying agent ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. I-alkali cellulose ithathelwa indawo ama-etherifying ahlukene ukuze kutholwe ama-cellulose ether ahlukene. Ngokwezakhiwo ze-ionization zama-substituents, ama-cellulose ether angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezimbili: i-ionic (njenge-carboxymethyl cellulose) kanye ne-non-ionic (njenge-methyl cellulose). Ngokohlobo lwe-substituent, i-cellulose ether ingahlukaniswa ibe i-monoether (efana ne-methyl cellulose) ne-ether exutshiwe (njenge-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Ngokuvumelana ne-solubility ehlukene, ingahlukaniswa ibe inyibilika emanzini (njenge-hydroxyethyl cellulose) kanye ne-organic solvent-soluble (njenge-ethyl cellulose), njll. ihlukaniswe ngohlobo olusheshayo kanye nohlobo lokuchithwa olubambezelekile oluphathwayo.
Indlela yokusebenza ye-cellulose ether odakeni imi kanje:
(1) Ngemva kokuba i-cellulose ether esesimendeni isincibilikisiwe emanzini, ukusatshalaliswa okusebenzayo nokufana kwe-cementitious material ohlelweni kuyaqinisekiswa ngenxa yomsebenzi ongaphezulu, futhi i-cellulose ether, njenge-colloid evikelayo, "igoqa" okuqinile. izinhlayiya kanye Ungqimba lwefilimu yokugcoba kwakheka endaweni yalo yangaphandle, okwenza uhlelo lodaka luzinze, futhi luthuthukise ukugeleza kodaka ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxuba futhi. ubushelelezi bokwakha.
(2) Ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo samangqamuzana, isixazululo se-cellulose ether senza amanzi odaka angabi lula ukulahlekelwa, futhi kancane kancane siyawakhulula isikhathi eside, okwenza udaka lugcine amanzi kahle nokusebenza.
1. I-Methylcellulose (MC)
Ngemuva kokuthi ukotini ocolisisiwe ulashwe nge-alkali, i-cellulose ether ikhiqizwa ngochungechunge lokusabela nge-methane chloride njenge-etherification agent. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushintsha lingu-1.6~2.0, futhi ukunyibilika nakho kuhlukile ngamazinga ahlukene okushintsha. Kungokwe-non-ionic cellulose ether.
(1) I-methylcellulose iyancibilika emanzini abandayo, futhi kuyoba nzima ukuyincibilika emanzini ashisayo. Isixazululo saso esinamanzi sizinzile kakhulu ebangeni le-pH=3~12. Inokuhambisana okuhle nesitashi, i-guar gum, njll. kanye nama-surfactants amaningi. Lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela izinga lokushisa le-gelation, i-gelation iyenzeka.
(2) Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methyl cellulose kuncike enanini layo elingeziwe, i-viscosity, ukucoleka kwezinhlayiyana nezinga lokuqedwa. Ngokuvamile, uma inani elingeziwe likhulu, ukucoleka kuncane, futhi i-viscosity inkulu, izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi liphezulu. Phakathi kwazo, inani lokwengeza linomthelela omkhulu kakhulu ekugcinweni kwamanzi, futhi izinga le-viscosity alilingani ngokuqondile nezinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi. Izinga lokuhlakazeka lincike kakhulu ezingeni lokuguqulwa kwendawo yezinhlayiya ze-cellulose kanye nokucoleka kwezinhlayiyana. Phakathi kwama-cellulose ether angenhla, i-methyl cellulose ne-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose anamazinga aphezulu okugcina amanzi.
(3) Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuzothinta kakhulu izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi e-methyl cellulose. Ngokuvamile, lapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu, kuba kubi nakakhulu ukugcinwa kwamanzi. Uma izinga lokushisa lodaka lidlula i-40 ° C, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methyl cellulose kuzoncishiswa kakhulu, okuthinta kakhulu ukwakhiwa kodaka.
(4) I-Methyl cellulose inomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni nasekunamatheleni kodaka. Igama elithi “adhesion” lapha libhekisela emandleni okunamathela azwakala phakathi kwethuluzi lokufaka isicelo lesisebenzi kanye ne-substrate yodonga, okungukuthi, ukumelana ne-shear kodaka. I-adhesiveness iphakeme, ukumelana kwe-shear kodaka kukhulu, futhi amandla adingwa ngabasebenzi ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa nawo makhulu, futhi ukusebenza kokwakhiwa kodaka kumpofu. I-Methyl cellulose adhesion isezingeni elilinganiselwe emikhiqizweni ye-cellulose ether.
2. I-Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
IHydroxypropyl methylcellulose iwuhlobo lwe-cellulose okukhishwa kwayo nokusetshenziswa kwayo kukhule ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva. I-ether engeyona i-ionic cellulose exutshwe ukotini ocolisisiwe ngemva kokwenziwa kwe-alkalization, kusetshenziswa i-propylene oxide ne-methyl chloride njenge-etherification agent, ngochungechunge lokusabela. Izinga lokushintsha ngokuvamile liyi-1.2 ~ 2.0. Izakhiwo zayo zihlukile ngenxa yezilinganiso ezihlukene zokuqukethwe kwe-methoxyl nokuqukethwe kwe-hydroxypropyl.
(1) IHydroxypropyl methylcellulose incibilika kalula emanzini abandayo, futhi izohlangabezana nobunzima ekuncibilikeni emanzini ashisayo. Kodwa izinga lokushisa layo le-gelation emanzini ashisayo liphakeme kakhulu kunalelo le-methyl cellulose. I-solubility emanzini abandayo nayo ithuthuke kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-methyl cellulose.
(2) I-viscosity ye-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ihlobene nesisindo sayo samangqamuzana, futhi uma sikhulu isisindo samangqamuzana, i-viscosity iphakama. Ukushisa nakho kuthinta i-viscosity yayo, njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, i-viscosity iyancipha. Kodwa-ke, i-viscosity yayo ephezulu inomphumela ophansi wokushisa kune-methyl cellulose. Isixazululo saso sizinzile uma sigcinwe ekamelweni lokushisa.
(3) Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kuncike enanini layo elingeziwe, i-viscosity, njll., futhi izinga layo lokugcinwa kwamanzi ngaphansi kwenani elifanayo lokwengezwa lingaphezulu kwele-methyl cellulose.
(4) I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose izinzile ku-asidi ne-alkali, futhi isisombululo sayo esinamanzi sizinzile kakhulu ebangeni le-pH = 2 ~ 12. I-Caustic soda namanzi e-lime anethonya elincane ekusebenzeni kwawo, kodwa i-alkali ingasheshisa ukuchithwa kwayo futhi ikhulise ukubukeka kwayo. IHydroxypropyl methylcellulose izinzile kusawoti ovamile, kodwa lapho ukuhlangana kwesixazululo sikasawoti kuphezulu, i-viscosity ye-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution ivame ukwanda.
(5) I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ingaxutshwa nezinhlanganisela ze-polymer ezincibilika emanzini ukuze zenze isixazululo se-uniform kanye ne-viscosity ephakeme. Okufana ne-polyvinyl alcohol, isitashi ether, ushingamu wemifino, njll.
(6) I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inokumelana ne-enzyme okungcono kune-methylcellulose, futhi isisombululo sayo mancane amathuba okuthi sonakaliswe ama-enzyme kune-methylcellulose.
(7) Ukunamathela kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ekwakhiweni kodaka kungaphezulu kwalokho kwe-methylcellulose.
3. I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)
Yenziwe ngokotini ocolisisiwe ophathwe nge-alkali, futhi isabela nge-ethylene oxide njenge-etherification ejenti lapho kukhona i-acetone. Izinga lokushintsha ngokuvamile liyi-1.5 ~ 2.0. Ine-hydrophilicity eqinile futhi kulula ukumunca umswakama
(1) I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose iyancibilika emanzini abandayo, kodwa kunzima ukuyincibilika emanzini ashisayo. Isixazululo saso sizinzile ekushiseni okuphezulu ngaphandle kwe-gelling. Ingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu odakeni, kodwa ukugcinwa kwayo kwamanzi kuphansi kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose.
(2) I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose izinzile ku-asidi evamile kanye ne-alkali. I-alkali ingasheshisa ukuqedwa kwayo futhi ikhulise kancane i-viscosity yayo. Ukuhlakazeka kwayo emanzini kubi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose ne-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. .
(3) I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose inokusebenza okuhle kwe-anti-sag kudaka, kodwa inesikhathi eside sokuhlehlisa usimende.
(4) Ukusebenza kwe-hydroxyethyl cellulose ekhiqizwa amanye amabhizinisi asekhaya ngokusobala kuphansi kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwamanzi kanye nomlotha omningi.
4. I-Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
I-ionic cellulose ether yenziwa ngemicu yemvelo (ukotini, njll.) ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-alkali, kusetshenziswa i-sodium monochloroacetate njenge-etherification agent, futhi kwenziwa uchungechunge lwemithi yokwelapha. Izinga lokushintsha ngokuvamile lingu-0.4~1.4, futhi ukusebenza kwakho kuthintwa kakhulu izinga lokushintsha.
(1) I-Carboxymethyl cellulose ine-hygroscopic, futhi izoqukatha amanzi amaningi uma igcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
(2) Isixazululo samanzi se-Carboxymethyl cellulose ngeke sikhiqize ijeli, futhi i-viscosity izokwehla ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa. Lapho izinga lokushisa lidlula ku-50°C, i-viscosity ayinakubuyela emuva.
(3) Ukuzinza kwayo kuthinteka kakhulu i-pH. Ngokuvamile, ingasetshenziswa odakeni olusekelwe ku-gypsum, kodwa hhayi odakeni olusekelwe kusimende. Uma kune-alkaline kakhulu, ilahlekelwa yi-viscosity.
(4) Ukugcinwa kwayo kwamanzi kuphansi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose. Inomphumela wokuhlehlisa odakeni olususelwa ku-gypsum futhi inciphisa amandla ayo. Nokho, intengo ye-carboxymethyl cellulose iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose.
Impushana yerabha ye-polymer ehlakazeka kabusha
I-powder yerabha ehlakazeka kabusha icutshungulwa ngokumiswa kokufuthwa kwe-emulsion ye-polymer ekhethekile. Enqubweni yokucubungula, i-colloid evikelayo, i-anti-caking agent, njll. iba izithasiselo ezibalulekile. Impushana yerabha eyomisiwe iyingxenye yezinhlayiya eziyindilinga ezingama-80~100mm eziqoqwe ndawonye. Lezi zinhlayiya zincibilika emanzini futhi zakha ukuhlakazeka okuzinzile okukhudlwana kunezinhlayiya ze-emulsion zangempela. Lokhu kuhlakazeka kuzokwakha ifilimu ngemuva kokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni nokomisa. Le filimu ayibuyiseleki emuva njengokwakheka kwefilimu ye-emulsion evamile, futhi ngeke iphinde ihlakazeke lapho ihlangana namanzi. Ukuhlakazeka.
Impuphu yerabha ehlakazeka kabusha ingahlukaniswa ibe: i-styrene-butadiene copolymer, i-tertiary carbonic acid ethylene copolymer, i-ethylene-acetate acetic acid copolymer, njll., futhi ngokusekelwe kulokhu, i-silicone, i-vinyl laurate, njll. ixhunywe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza. Izindlela ezihlukene zokuguqula zenza impushana yerabha ehlakazeka kabusha ibe nezindawo ezihlukene ezifana nokumelana namanzi, ukumelana ne-alkali, ukumelana nesimo sezulu kanye nokuguquguquka. Iqukethe i-vinyl laurate ne-silicone, engenza i-rubber powder ibe ne-hydrophobicity enhle. I-vinyl highly branched tertiary carbonate enevelu ye-Tg ephansi kanye nokuguquguquka okuhle.
Uma lezi zinhlobo zezimpushana zenjoloba zisetshenziswa odakeni, zonke ziba nomthelela wokulibazisa ngesikhathi sokumisa usimende, kodwa umphumela wokulibazisa uncane kunowokusetshenziswa okuqondile kwama-emulsion afanayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-styrene-butadiene inomphumela omkhulu wokubuyisela emuva, futhi i-ethylene-vinyl acetate inomphumela omncane wokubuyisela emuva. Uma isilinganiso sincane kakhulu, umphumela wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kodaka awubonakali.
Imicu ye-polypropylene
I-polypropylene fiber yenziwe nge-polypropylene njengempahla eluhlaza kanye nenani elifanele lesilungisi. I-fiber diameter ngokuvamile imayelana nama-microns angu-40, amandla e-tensile 300 ~ 400mpa, i-elastic modulus ingu-≥3500mpa, futhi ukuphakama kokugcina kungu-15~18%. Izici zayo zokusebenza:
(1) Imicu ye-polypropylene isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo ezindaweni ezingahleliwe ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu odakeni, zakha uhlelo lokuqinisa inethiwekhi. Uma i-1 kg ye-polypropylene fiber yengezwa kuthoni ngayinye yodaka, imicu ye-monofilament engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30 ingatholakala.
(2) Ukwengeza i-polypropylene fiber odakeni kunganciphisa ngempumelelo imifantu enciphayo yodaka esimweni sepulasitiki. Ukuthi le mifantu iyabonakala noma cha. Futhi kunganciphisa kakhulu ukopha okungaphezulu kanye nokuhlangana okuhlanganisiwe kodaka olusha.
(3) Ngomzimba owenziwe lukhuni, i-polypropylene fiber inganciphisa kakhulu inani lokuqhekeka kokuguqulwa. Okusho ukuthi, lapho umzimba oqinisa udaka ukhiqiza ukucindezeleka ngenxa yokuguqulwa, ungamelana futhi udlulise ukucindezeleka. Lapho umzimba oqinisa udaka uqhekeka, ungadambisa ukugxila kwengcindezi ekugcineni kwe-crack futhi ukhawule ukunwebeka.
(4) Ukusatshalaliswa okusebenzayo kwemicu ye-polypropylene ekukhiqizeni udaka kuzoba inkinga enzima. Imishini yokuxuba, uhlobo lwefayibha kanye nesilinganiso, isilinganiso sodaka kanye nemingcele yayo yenqubo konke kuzoba yizinto ezibalulekile ezithinta ukuhlakazeka.
i-ejenti yokungenisa umoya
I-ejenti yokungenisa umoya iwuhlobo lwe-surfactant engakha amabhamuza omoya azinzile kukhonkolo omusha noma udaka ngezindlela ezibonakalayo. Ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa: rosin kanye polymers yayo ezishisayo, surfactants non-ionic, alkylbenzene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, carboxylic acid kanye nosawoti wawo, njll.
Ama-air-entraining agents avame ukusetshenziselwa ukulungisa udaka lokukhonkoloza nodaka lwamatshe. Ngenxa yokwengezwa kwe-ejenti yokungenisa umoya, izinguquko ezithile ekusebenzeni kodaka zizolethwa.
(1) Ngenxa yokwethulwa kwamabhamuza omoya, ukukhululeka nokwakhiwa kodaka olusanda kuxutshwa kungandiswa, futhi ukopha kungancipha.
(2) Ukusebenzisa nje i-ejenti yokungenisa umoya kuzonciphisa amandla nokunwebeka kwesikhunta odakeni. Uma i-ejenti yokungenisa umoya kanye ne-ejenti yokunciphisa amanzi isetshenziswa ndawonye, futhi isilinganiso sifanelekile, inani lamandla ngeke lehle.
(3) Ingathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo ukumelana nesithwathwa sodaka oluqinile, ithuthukise ukungagxili kodaka, futhi ithuthukise ukumelana nokuguguleka kodaka oluqinile.
(4) I-ejenti yokungenisa umoya izokwandisa okuqukethwe komoya wodaka, okuzokwandisa ukuncipha kodaka, futhi inani lokuncipha lingancishiswa ngokufanele ngokungeza i-ejenti yokunciphisa amanzi.
Njengoba inani le-ejenti yokungenisa umoya elengeziwe lincane kakhulu, ngokuvamile libalwa kuphela izinkulungwane eziyishumi zesamba sesamba sezinto zikasimende, kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ibalwa ngokunembile futhi ixutshwe phakathi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza udaka; izici ezifana nezindlela ezinyakazayo kanye nesikhathi sonyaka sizothinta kakhulu inani lokungenisa umoya. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo zamanje zokukhiqiza ezifuywayo nezokwakha, ukwengeza ama-ejenti okufaka umoya odakeni kudinga umsebenzi omningi wokuhlola.
i-ejenti yamandla yakuqala
Isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa amandla okuqala kakhonkolo nodaka, ama-ejenti amandla okuqala e-sulfate avame ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa i-sodium sulfate, i-sodium thiosulfate, i-aluminium sulfate ne-potassium aluminium sulfate.
Ngokuvamile, i-anhydrous sodium sulfate isetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi umthamo wayo uphansi futhi umphumela wamandla okuqala muhle, kodwa uma umthamo mkhulu kakhulu, uzodala ukwanda nokuqhekeka esigabeni sakamuva, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubuya kwe-alkali. kuzokwenzeka, okuzothinta ukubukeka kanye nomphumela wesendlalelo somhlobiso ongaphezulu.
I-calcium formate nayo iyi-ejenti enhle ye-antifreeze. Inomphumela omuhle wamandla wangaphambi kwesikhathi, imiphumela engemihle emincane, ukuhambisana okuhle nezinye izixube, futhi izakhiwo eziningi zingcono kune-sulfate amandla okuqala, kodwa intengo iphakeme.
i-antifreeze
Uma udaka lusetshenziswa ekushiseni okungekuhle, uma kungekho zinyathelo zokunqanda ukuqina ezithathwayo, umonakalo wesithwathwa uzokwenzeka futhi amandla omzimba oqinile azobhujiswa. I-antifreeze ivimbela ukulimala okubandayo okuvela ezindleleni ezimbili zokuvimbela ukuqhwa kanye nokwenza ngcono amandla okuqala odaka.
Phakathi kwama-antifreeze agents asetshenziswa kakhulu, i-calcium nitrite ne-sodium nitrite inemiphumela engcono kakhulu yokunqanda ukuqanda. Njengoba i-calcium nitrite ingenayo i-potassium ne-sodium ion, inganciphisa ukwenzeka kwe-alkali aggregate uma isetshenziswa kukhonkolo, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuba buthakathaka kancane uma isetshenziswa odakeni, kuyilapho i-sodium nitrite ikwazi ukusebenza kangcono. I-antifreeze isetshenziswa ngokuhambisana ne-ejenti yamandla yakuqala kanye nesinciphisi samanzi ukuze kutholwe imiphumela egculisayo. Lapho udaka oluxutshwe okomile olune-antifreeze lusetshenziswa ekushiseni okuphansi kwe-ultra-low, izinga lokushisa lengxube kufanele lenyuke ngendlela efanele, njengokuxuba namanzi afudumele.
Uma inani le-antifreeze liphezulu kakhulu, lizonciphisa amandla odaka esigabeni sakamuva, futhi ubuso bodaka oluqinile buyoba nezinkinga ezifana nokubuya kwe-alkali, okuzothinta ukubukeka kanye nomphumela wesendlalelo sokuhlobisa ngaphezulu. .
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-16-2023