Ukhonkolo : Izakhiwo, Izilinganiso Ezingeziwe kanye Nokulawulwa Kwekhwalithi

Ukhonkolo yinto yokwakha esetshenziswa kakhulu eyaziwa ngamandla ayo, ukuqina, nokuguquguquka. Nazi izici ezibalulekile zikakhonkolo, izithasiselo ezivamile ezisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa lezi zakhiwo, izilinganiso ezingeziwe ezinconyiwe, nezinyathelo zokulawula ikhwalithi:

Izakhiwo zikakhonkolo:

1. Amandla Acindezelayo: Ikhono likakhonkolo lokumelana nemithwalo ye-axial, likalwa ngamaphawundi ngeyintshi yesikwele (psi) noma ama-megapascal (MPa).
2. Amandla Okuqina: Ikhono likakhonkolo lokumelana namandla okucindezela, ngokuvamile aphansi kakhulu kunamandla okucindezela.
3. Ukuqina: Ukumelana kukakhonkolo esimweni sezulu, ukuhlaselwa kwamakhemikhali, ukuhuzuka, nezinye izinhlobo zokuwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
4. Ukusebenza kahle: Ukulula ukhonkolo ongaxutshwa ngakho, ubekwe, uhlanganiswe, futhi uqedwe ukuze kuzuzwe umumo nokuqeda okufunayo.
5. Ukuminyana: Isisindo seyunithi ngayinye yevolumu kakhonkolo, ethonya isisindo sayo nezakhiwo zesakhiwo.
6. I-Shrinkage and Creep: Izinguquko zevolumu kanye nokuguqulwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokomisa, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, nemithwalo eqhubekayo.
7. I-Permeability: Ikhono likakhonkolo lokumelana nokudlula kwamanzi, amagesi, nezinye izinto ngezimbotshana zawo nama-capillaries.

Izithasiselo Ezivamile kanye Nemisebenzi yazo:

1. Ama-ejenti Okunciphisa Amanzi (Ama-Superplasticizers): Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle futhi unciphise okuqukethwe kwamanzi ngaphandle kokudela amandla.
2. Ama-ejenti Afaka Umoya: Yethula amabhamuza omoya amancane ukuze athuthukise ukumelana nokuncibilika kokuqandisa nokusebenza.
3. I-Retarders: Ukubambezeleka isikhathi sokusetha ukuvumela ukuhamba okude, ukubekwa, nezikhathi zokuqeda.
4. Ama-Accelerator: Sheshisa isikhathi sokusetha, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zezulu ezibandayo.
5. Ama-Pozzolans (isb., I-Fly Ash, I-Silica Fume): Thuthukisa amandla, ukuqina, futhi wehlise ukungeneka ngokusabela nge-calcium hydroxide ukuze kwakheke izinhlanganisela ze-cementitious ezengeziwe.
6. Ama-Fibers (isb., Insimbi, Yokwenziwa): Thuthukisa ukumelana nokuqhekeka, ukumelana nomthelela, namandla aqinile.
7. I-Corrosion Inhibitors: Vikela imigoqo yokuqinisa ekugqwaleni okubangelwa ama-ion e-chloride noma i-carbonation.

Izilinganiso Ezingeziwe Ezinconyiwe:

• Izilinganiso ezithile zezithasiselo zincike ezintweni ezifana nezakhiwo zikakhonkolo ezifiselekayo, izimo zemvelo, kanye nezidingo zephrojekthi.
• Izilinganiso ngokuvamile zivezwa njengephesenti lesisindo sikasimende noma isisindo esiphelele sengxube kakhonkolo.
• Imithamo kufanele inqunywe ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri, izingxube zesilingo, kanye nemibandela yokusebenza.

Izinyathelo Zokulawula Ikhwalithi:

1. Ukuhlolwa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile: Yenza izivivinyo ezintweni ezingavuthiwe (isb, izilinganiso, usimende, izithasiselo) ukuze uqinisekise ukuthotshelwa kwezindinganiso ezifanele kanye nokucaciswayo.
2. Ukuhlanganisa Nokuxuba: Sebenzisa izinto zokukala nezilinganiso ezinembile ukuze uhlanganise izinto, futhi ulandele izinqubo ezifanele zokuhlanganisa ukuze uzuze ukufana nokuvumelana.
3. Ukuhlola Ukusebenza Nokungaguquguquki: Yenza izivivinyo zokuwohloka, ukuhlola ukugeleza, noma izivivinyo ze-rheological ukuze uhlole ukusebenza kahle futhi ulungise isilinganiso semiksi njengoba kudingeka.
4. Ukwelapha: Sebenzisa izindlela ezifanele zokwelapha (isb., ukuphulukisa okumanzi, izingxube zokuphulukisa, ulwelwesi lokuphulukisa) ukuvimbela ukomiswa ngaphambi kwesikhathi nokukhuthaza ukugeleza kwamanzi.
5. Ukuhlola Amandla: Gada ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kakhonkolo ngezindlela zokuhlola ezijwayelekile (isb, izivivinyo zamandla acindezelayo) eminyakeni eyahlukahlukene ukuze uqinisekise ukuthobelana nezidingo zedizayini.
6. Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi/Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi (QA/QC) Izinhlelo: Sungula izinhlelo ze-QA/QC ezihlanganisa ukuhlolwa okuvamile, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, kanye nezenzo zokulungisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana nokuhambisana nemininingwane.

Ngokuqonda izici zikakhonkolo, ukukhetha izithasiselo ezifanele, ukulawula izilinganiso ezingeziwe, nokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokulawula ikhwalithi, abakhi bangakhiqiza ukhonkolo wekhwalithi ephezulu ohlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza futhi uthuthukise ukuqina nokuphila isikhathi eside kwezakhiwo.