I-Cellulose Ether (iselula) yenziwa kusuka ku-cellulose ngokuphendula okuthe xaxa kwe-ejenti eyodwa noma eminingana yokuqothula kanye nokugaya owomile. Ngokusho kwezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali zokufaka esikhundleni se-ether, ama-cellulose asher ahlukaniswe zaba izithambiso ze-anionic, i-cationic kanye ne-anionic. I-Ionic Cellulose Afers ikakhulukazi ifaka phakathi i-carboxymethylllyl cellulose ether (CMC); AbakwaNonic Cellulose Abaphoti ikakhulukazi bafaka ikakhulukazi i-methyl cellulose ether (MC), i-Hydroxypropylylth methyl cellulose ether (HPMC) neHydroxyethylellllose ether. Chlorine ether (hc) nokunye. Abangewona ama-Ionic tifers bahlukaniswe izithambiso ezingenamanzi kanye nabathambisi abangenawo amafutha, futhi abasebenza ngamanzi angenamikhawulo bamanzi asetshenziswa kakhulu emikhiqizweni yodaka. Lapho ebukhona be-calcium ion, ionic cellulose ether ayizinzile, ngakho-ke akuvamile ukusetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yodaka eyomile esebenzisa usimende, ulamula ovundwayo, njll. Njengezinto zokwenziwa kokonga. Izithambiso ze-cellulose ezingenamanzi ezingezinyoni zisetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezinto zokwakha ngenxa yokuqina kwawo ukumiswa nokugcinwa kwamanzi.
1. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-cellulose ether
I-cellulose ether ngayinye inesakhiwo esiyisisekelo sesakhiwo se-cellulose -anhydroglucose. Esezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza i-cellulose ether, i-cellulose fiber ifudunyezwa okokuqala kwikhambi le-alkali, bese liphathwe nge-ejenti etherati. Umkhiqizo wokuphendula we-fibrous uhlanzwa futhi wahlehliswa ukwakha i-powder efanayo nobunzima obuthile.
Ehlelweni lokukhiqiza le-MC, kusetshenziswa i-methyl chloride kuphela njenge-ejenti yokusheshisa; Ngokungeziwe ku-methyl chloride, i-propelene oxide nayo isetshenziselwa ukuthola amaqembu angenama-hydroxypropylk ekukhiqizweni kwe-HPMC. I-Cellulose Tapers ehlukahlukene inezilinganiso zokufakwa esikhundleni se-methyl kanye ne-hydroxypropylyly, ezithinta ukuhambisana kwe-organic kanye nokushisa okushisa okushisayo kwe-cellulose ether solutions.
2. Izimo zesicelo se-cellulose ether
I-Cellulose Ether iyi-polymer yokwenziwa engeyona eye-ionic, okuyi-soluble yamanzi futhi i-solvent-soluble. Inemiphumela ehlukile emikhakheni ehlukene. Isibonelo, ezintweni zokwakha amakhemikhali, inemiphumela elandelayo eyinhlanganisela:
I-Agent egcina i-ejenti ②Thickwener ③Leveling Property ④FILMM yakha impahla ⑤Binder
Embonini ye-polyvinyl chloride, kuyinto emulsifier futhi ihlakazekile; Embonini yezemithi, kuyisigaxa kanye nohlaka lokukhishwa kancane futhi olulawulwa ukukhishwa, njll. Ngoba i-cellulose inemiphumela ehlukahlukene yenhlanganisela, uhlelo lokusebenza lwayo insimu ibuye ibe ngcono kakhulu. Okulandelayo kugxile ekusetshenzisweni nasekusebenzeni kwe-cellulose ether ezintweni ezahlukahlukene zokwakha.
(1) ku-latex Paint:
Embonini ye-latex Paint, ukukhetha i-hydroxyethyl cellulose, ukucaciswa okujwayelekile kokubonakala okulinganayo yi-RT30000-50000cps, okuhambelana nokucaciswa kwe-HBR250, kanye nethamo lezethenjwa ngokuvamile lingaba ngu-1.5 ‰ -2 ‰. Umsebenzi oyinhloko weHydroxYethyl ku-Latex Paint ukuqina, uvikele ukuvezwa kombala, usiza ukuhlakazeka kwe-pigment, ukuqina kwe-latex, futhi kwandise ukubonwa kwezakhi, okunomthelela ekusebenzeni kwalolokwakha: I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose ilula ukuyisebenzisa. Ingachithwa emanzini abandayo namanzi ashisayo, futhi ayithintwa yinani le-PH. Ingasetshenziswa ngokuthula kwengqondo lapho inani le-PI liphakathi kuka-2 no-12. Izindlela zokusebenzisa zimi ngokulandela: Ngale ndlela, i-hydroxyswethyl cellulose yohlobo olubambezelekile kufanele likhethwe, kanye ne-hydroxyethyl cellulose nge isikhathi sokuqothula imizuzwana engaphezu kwama-30. Izinyathelo zimi ngale ndlela elandelayo: ① Faka esitsheni esifakwe i-agaritator ephezulu. Amanani anciphile amancane , bese ufaka ezinye izinto kwifomula, bese ugaya kuze kube ngumkhiqizo ophelile. Ⅱ. Ifakwe ngotshwala bomama ukuze basebenzise kamuva: Le ndlela ingakhetha i-cellulose esheshayo, enomphumela we-anti-mbutha. Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi inokuguquguquka okuthe xaxa futhi kungangezwa ngqo ku-Latex Paint. Indlela yokulungiselela iyafana nezinyathelo ①-④. Ⅲ. Lungiselela i-porridge ngokusetshenziswa kwakamuva: Kusukela ama-organic solvents angama-solvents ampofu (insoluble) ye-hydroxyethyl, lezi zinhlaka zingasetshenziswa ukulungiselela iphalishi. I-solvents esetshenziswa kakhulu ye-organic uketshezi olwenziwayo ekwakhekeni kwepende ye-latex, njenge-ethylene glycol, i-plylene glycol, kanye nama-ejenti akha amafilimu (njenge-diethylene glycol butyl acetate). I-porridge hydroxyyethyl celtulese ingangezwa ngqo kupende. Qhubeka nokuvusa kuze kuchithwe ngokuphelele.
(2) odongeni ukuskena uPutty:
Njengamanje, emadolobheni amaningi ezweni lakithi, indawo yokulwa namanzi nokungamelana nokungamelana nokungamelana nobuntu kubhekwe ngokuyisisekelo ngabantu. Kukhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-acetal kweVinyl Alcohol kanye ne-formaldehyde. Ngakho-ke, lokhu okuqukethwe kuqedwa kancane kancane ngabantu, futhi imikhiqizo yeCellulose ether ether isetshenziselwa ukufaka le nto. Lokho kusho ukuthi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwakha ezemvelo zokwakha, amaselula okwamanje okuwukuphela kwento. E-putty engamelana namanzi, ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-dry powder putty ne-putty paste. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili ze-putty, i-methyllulose eguquliwe kanye ne-hydroxypropyll methyl kufanele ikhethwe. Ukucaciswa kwe-Viscosity ngokuvamile kuphakathi kuka-30000-60000CPS. Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-cellulose ku-tutty ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukubopha nokuthambisa. Njengoba amafomula ama-putty abakhiqizi ahlukahlukene ahlukile, ezinye ziyi-grey calcium, ukukhanya calcium, usimende omhlophe, njll. Amafomula amabili ahlukile. Inani elingeziwe lingaba 2 ‰ -3 ‰. Ekwakhiweni kodonga ukuskena uPutty, ngoba ingaphezulu lesisekelo sodonga linezinga elithile lokufakwa kwamanzi (izinga lokufakwa kwamanzi kodonga lwezitini luyi-13%, kanti izinga lokufakwa kwamanzi lingu-3-5%), Kuhlanganiswe nokuhwamuka komhlaba wangaphandle, uma i-putty ilahlekelwa amanzi ngokushesha okukhulu, kuzoholela emihlafwini noma ekususweni kwempuphu, okuzokwenza buthaka amandla we-putty. Ngakho-ke, ukungeza i-cellulose ether kuzoxazulula le nkinga. Kepha ikhwalithi ye-filler, ikakhulukazi ikhwalithi ye-ash calcium nayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuvunywa okuphezulu kwe-cellulose, i-buoyancy of the putty nayo iyathuthukiswa, futhi into ebabayo ngesikhathi sokwakha nayo iyagwenywa, futhi inethezekile futhi ikhululekile futhi ilondolozwa ngemuva kokuskena. Kuyinto elula ukwengeza i-cellulose ether ku-powder uPutty. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo nokusetshenziswa kwayo kulula kakhulu. I-filler nezengezo kungaxutshwa ngokulinganayo empuphu owomile.
(3) Udaka lukakhonkolo:
Udaka lukakhonkolo, ukufeza amandla okugcina, usimende kufanele afakwe ngama-hydrate ngokuphelele. Ikakhulu ekwakhiweni kwehlobo, udaka lukakhonkolo lulahlekelwa amanzi ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi izinyathelo zokugcwala ngokuphelele zisetshenziselwa ukugcina futhi zifafaze amanzi. Ukuchithwa kwezinsizakusebenza nokungasebenzi kahle, ukhiye ukuthi amanzi asemgqeni kuphela, futhi i-hydration yangaphakathi isaphelele, ngakho-ke isixazululo sale nkinga ukwengeza ama-ejenti ayisishiyagalombili okugcina amanzi kukhonkolo wodaka, ngokuvamile akhethe i-hydroxypropylylylylylylylylylylylylyl noma i-methyl cellulose, ukucaciswa kwe-viscosity kuphakathi kuka-20000-60000CPS, futhi inani lokungezwa lingu-2% -3%. Izinga lokugcina amanzi lingandiswa libe ngaphezu kwama-85%. Indlela yokusebenzisa ukhonkolo ngodaka ukuxuba i-powder eyomile ngokulinganayo bese uyithululela emanzini.
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Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni yezokwakha, isidingo sabantu sezinto ezintsha zokwakha siyanda usuku nosuku. Ngenxa yokwanda kokuqwashisa kwabantu ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokwenza ngcono okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kwezokwakha, imikhiqizo ye-gypsum eyenziwe ngamaveni yathuthuka ngokushesha. Njengamanje, imikhiqizo evame kakhulu i-gypsum isebenzisa i-gypsum ebonakalayo, i-bonded gypsum, i-gypsum enama-gypsum, nethambisi. I-Plastering Gypsum iyisiko lokufaka esezingeni eliphakeme lokudonswa kwezindonga ezingaphakathi nophahla. Ingaphezulu elidonswayo lilotshwe nalo lilungile futhi libushelelezi. I-New Building Light Board Adhesive izinto ezinamathelayo ezenziwe nge-gypsum njengezinto eziyisisekelo kanye nezithasiselo ezahlukahlukene. Ilungele ukubopha izibopho phakathi kwezinto ezahlukahlukene zokwakha udonga. Kungamandla angewona anobuthi, anobuthi, abuthakathaka kanye nokuhlelwa okusheshayo, ukubopha okuqinile nezinye izici, kuyinto esekelayo yamabhodi okwakha kanye nokwakhiwa okuvinjelwe; I-Gypsum caulking agent ingumsizi wegebe phakathi kwamabhodi we-gypsum kanye ne-filler yokulungisa izindonga nemifantu. Le mikhiqizo ye-gypsum inochungechunge lwemisebenzi ehlukene. Ngaphezu kwendima ye-gypsum kanye nabasizi abahlobene, inkinga ebalulekile ukuthi izengezo ezingeziwe ze-cellulose ether zidlala indima eholayo. Njengoba i-gypsum ihlukaniswe nge-gypsum ye-anhydrous ne-hemihydrate gypsum, i-gypsum ehlukile inemiphumela ehlukene ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo, ngakho-ke ukuqina, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kanye nokubuyiselwa kwemali kuthola ikhwalithi yezinto zokwakha ze-gypsum. Inkinga evamile yalezi zinto ezibonakalayo inamafutha futhi iqhekeka, futhi amandla okuqala awatholakali. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, ukukhetha uhlobo lwe-cellulose kanye nendlela yokusetshenziswa kwe-retard. Kulokhu, i-methyl noma i-hydroxypropylylyl methyl 30000 ngokuvamile kukhethwe. -60000CPS, inani lokungezwa lingu-1.5% -2%. Phakathi kwazo, i-cellulose igxile ekugcinweni kwamanzi nasekubuyiseni ukuthambisa. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuncika ku-cellulose ether njenge-retarder, futhi kuyadingeka ukwengeza i-retarder ye-citric acid ukuxuba nokusebenzisa ngaphandle kokuthinta amandla okuqala. Ukugcinwa kwamanzi ngokuvamile kubhekisele emanzi angakanani azolahleka ngokwemvelo ngaphandle kokumuncwa kwamanzi kwangaphandle. Uma udonga lomile kakhulu, ukumuncwa kwamanzi kanye nokuhwamuka kwemvelo endaweni eyisisekelo kuzokwenza lokho kunciphise amanzi ngokushesha, futhi okunamafutha nokuqhekeka kuzokwenzeka. Le ndlela yokusebenzisa ixubene ne-powder eyomile. Uma ulungiselela ikhambi, sicela ubheke indlela yokulungiselela ikhambi.
(5) Isidumbu sokufakwa kwe-thermal
I-Insulation Metar uhlelo olusha lwento engaphakathi yodonga lokufakwa odongeni esifundeni esisenyakatho. Kuyinto yodonga lodonga oluhlanganiswe ngokwezinto zokufaka, udaka kanye ne-binder. Kulokhu okubonakalayo, i-cellulose idlala indima ebalulekile eBonding namandla andayo. Ngokuvamile khetha i-methyl cellulose nge-viscosity ephezulu (cishe nge-10000EPS), umthamo ngokuvamile uphakathi kuka-2 ‰ -3 ‰), futhi indlela yokusebenzisa i-powder yokuxuba.
(6) Umenzeli Ojenti
Khetha i-HPNC 20000CS ye-ejenti ebonakalayo, khetha ama-60000cps noma ngaphezulu nge-tile adhesive, bese ugxila kummeli we-ejenti, ongathuthukisa amandla ashubile kanye namandla alwa nemicibisholo. Isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokugcina amanzi esondweni le-tile ukuvikela amathayili ekuziphatheni ngokweqile ngokushesha futhi ukuwa.
3. Isimo Sokuchuma Kwemboni
(1) imboni ephezulu
Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziphambili ezidingekayo zokukhiqizwa kwe-cellulose ether zifaka ukotini ocwengekile (noma i-soni pulp) kanye nama-sporlemar slovents ajwayelekile, i-methyl chlori, i-caustic soda, i-oxide ye-caustic, i-ethylene oxide, i-toluene nezinye izinto ezisizayo. Amabhizinisi aphezulu embonini wale mboni afaka ukotini ocwengekile, amabhizinisi okukhiqiza amakhemikhali izinkuni namanye amabhizinisi amakhemikhali. Ukuguquguquka kwentengo kwezinto zokusetshenziswa eziphambili ezingenhla zizoba namazinga ahlukahlukene omthelela ezindlekweni zokukhiqiza kanye nokuthengisa inani lentengo ye-cellulose ether.
Izindleko zekotoni elicwengiwe ziphakeme kakhulu. Ukuthatha Ukwakha Ibanga le-Cellulose Ether Njengesibonelo, Ngesikhathi sokubika, izindleko zokotini ezicwengiwe zibalelwa kuma-31.74%, 28.59% wezindleko zokuthengisa zeBali le-Cellule Cellule Cellulose Cellulose. Ukuguquguquka kwentengo kakotoni okucwengiwe kuzothinta izindleko zokukhiqiza ze-cellulose ether. Izinto eziphambili ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqizwa ukotini ocwengezelayo kungamabutho ekotini. Ama-Cotton Linters angomunye wemikhiqizo eyenziwe yinqubo yokukhiqiza ukotini, ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-pulp yekotini, ukotini ocwengekile, i-nitrocellulose kanye neminye imikhiqizo. Inani lokusebenzisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-cotton linters kanye nokotini kuhluke kakhulu, futhi intengo yalo ngokusobala iphansi kunaleyo kakotini, kepha inokuhlotshiswa okuthile ngokushintshashintsha kwentengo kakotini. Ukushintshashintsha kwentengo entengo kakotini kuthinta intengo kakotini ecwengekile.
Ukushintshashintsha okubukhali ngentengo kakotini okucwengiwe kuzoba namazinga ahlukene omthelela ekuphathweni kwezindleko zokukhiqiza, izintengo zomkhiqizo kanye nenzuzo yamabhizinisi. Lapho intengo kakotini ecwengekile iphakeme futhi intengo ye-wood pulp ishibhile, ukuze inciphise izindleko, i-sonip pulp ingasetshenziswa njenge-sublivent kanye nesengezo sokotini ocwengekile, ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kwe-Cellulose Afeskuthaka okufana I-Collulose Tellose Prollulose Taelsose. Ngokwemininingwane evela kuwebhusayithi ye-National Bureau of Statistics, ngonyaka ka-2013, indawo yokutshala ukotini yezwe lami kwakungamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-4,35, kanti umphumela wekotoni kazwelonke wawungamathani ayizigidi ezingama-6.31. Ngokusho kwezibalo ezivela e-China Cellulose Industry Association, ngo-2014, okuphelele kokukhishwa ukotini okucwengiwe okukhiqizwa ngabakhiqizi bekotini abacwebezelayo abacwengiwe amathani angama-332,000, futhi ukuhlinzekwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kuningi.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziphambili zokukhiqizwa kwemishini yamakhemikhali we-graphite ziyinsimbi kanye ne-graphite carbon. Intengo yensimbi kanye ne-graphite carbon account yesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sezindleko zokukhiqiza zemishini yamakhemikhali ye-graphite. Ukushintshashintsha kwamanani kwalezi zinto ezingavuthiwe kuzoba nomthelela othile kwizindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nokuthengisa inani lentengo yemishini yamakhemikhali.
(2) Umkhakha ophansi we-cellulose ether
Njengo "I-Monosodium ye-Monosodium ye-Industrial MonoSodium", i-Celsulose Ether inengxenye ephansi ye-cellulose ether futhi inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo. Izimboni ezansize zihlakazekile kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila emnothweni wezwe.
Imvamisa, imboni yezokwakha ezansi nomhlaba wonke izoba nomthelela othile kwizinga lokukhula kwesidingo sokwakha ibanga le-ether. Lapho imboni yezokwakha yasekhaya kanye nemboni yezezakhiwo ikhula ngokushesha, isidingo semakethe yasekhaya sokwakha ibanga le-cellulose ebangeni elikhula ngokushesha. Lapho izinga lokukhula lemboni yezokwakha yasekhaya kanye nemboni yezezakhiwo ibambezela, izinga lokukhula kwesidingo sokwakha ibanga le-cellulose ethernise emakethe yasekhaya lizokwehlisa umncintiswano kulo mkhakha futhi lisheshise inqubo yokusinda i-fittest phakathi kwamabhizinisi kulo mkhakha.
Kusukela ngo-2012, ngokwesimo sokwehla embonini yezokwakha yasekhaya kanye nemboni yezezakhiwo, isidingo sokwakha Ibanga le-Cellulose Ether eMakethe Yekhaya alishintshi kakhulu. Izizathu eziphambili ziwukuthi: 1 Imakethe yabathengi esemqoka yezakhiwo Ibanga le-Cellulose Ether iyanda kancane kancane kusuka ezindaweni ezithuthukile kwezomnotho kanye namadolobha okuqala namasibili ezifundeni eziphakathi nendawo kanye namadolobha asentshonalanga, okukhulayo kwezindawo; 2 uzinzile; I-3. Ukushintshwa kwentengo yemakethe kuyinto ebalulekile ethinta ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kwesakhiwo sokwakha ibanga lezinto ezibonakalayo ze-celmulaose ether. Kusukela ngo-2012, intengo yokuthengisa yezakhiwo Ibanga le-cellulose ether seliphonse kakhulu, elibangele ukwehla okukhulu kwentengo yemikhiqizo ephakathi nendawo, ukuheha amakhasimende amaningi ukuthenga nokukhetha, ukukhulisa isidingo maphakathi no Imikhiqizo -High-End, bese icindezela isidingo semakethe kanye nendawo yamanani amamodeli ajwayelekile.
Izinga lokuthuthuka kwemboni yezemithi kanye nezinga lokukhula kwemboni yezemithi zizothinta isidingo sebanga le-ether yebanga lemithi. Ukuthuthuka kwamazinga okuphila kwabantu kanye nemboni yokudla ethuthukisiwe kuyasiza ekushayeleni isidingo semakethe se-Ether-ether.
I-4. Intuthuko yentuthuko ye-cellulose ether
Ngenxa yokwehluka kwesakhiwo ezifunweni zemakethe ze-cellulose ether, izinkampani ezinamandla ahlukene nobuthakathaka zingahlala ndawonye. Ngenxa yokwahlukahlukana kwesakhiwo okusobala kokufunwa kwemakethe, abakhiqizi be-cellulose ether ye-cellulose ether bamukele amasu okuncintisana ahlukile ngokususelwa emandleni abo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, kufanele baqonde kahle ukuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe.
(1) Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqina kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kusazoba yindawo yokuncintisana eyinhloko yamabhizinisi we-cellulose ether
I-Cellulose Ether ibangela ingxenye encane yezindleko zokukhiqiza zamabhizinisi amaningi aphansi kakhulu kulo mkhakha, kepha inomthelela omuhle kwikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Amaqembu amakhasimende aphakathi nendawo aphezulu kufanele adlule ngokuhlolwa kwefomula ngaphambi kokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-cellulose ether. Ngemuva kokwenza ifomula ezinzile, kuvame ukuthi kube lula ukufaka ezinye izinhlobo zemikhiqizo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, izidingo eziphakeme zibekwe ekuzinweni kwekhwalithi ye-cellulose ether. Le nto igqame kakhulu emasimini aphelele aphezulu afana nabakhiqizi bezinto ezinkulu zokwakha abasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ama-excitient amakhamishini, izithasiselo zokudla kanye ne-PVC. Ukuze uthuthukise ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo, abakhiqizi kumele baqinisekise ukuthi ikhwalithi nokuqina kwamabhethri ahlukene we-cellulose ether abakunikeze kungagcinwa isikhathi eside, ukuze kwakhiwe idumela lemakethe elingcono.
(2) Ukuthuthukisa izinga lobuchwepheshe bohlelo lokusebenza lomkhiqizo kuwukuqondiswa kwentuthuko kwamabhizinisi asekhaya ama-cellulose ether
Ngobuchwepheshe bokukhiqizwa ovuthiwe obukhulayo we-cellulose ether, izinga eliphakeme lobuchwepheshe bohlelo lokusebenza lilungele ukuthuthuka okuphelele kokuncintisana kwamabhizinisi kanye nokwakhiwa kobudlelwano bamakhasimende obuzinzile. Izinkampani ezaziwayo ze-cellulose ether emazweni athuthukile zamukele ikakhulukazi isu lokuncintisana 'lokubhekana namakhasimende amakhulu aphezulu + aqala ukusetshenziswa kwe-tolsualem ether nokusebenzisa amafomula, futhi alungiselele uchungechunge lwemikhiqizo ngokuya ngezinkundla zohlelo lokusebenza ezahlukahlukene Ukwenza lula ukusetshenziswa kwamakhasimende, nokuhlakulela ukufunwa kwemakethe ephansi. Umncintiswano wamabhizinisi we-cellulose ether emazweni athuthukile uhambile ekungeneni komkhiqizo ukuncintisana emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe bohlelo lokusebenza.
Isikhathi sePosi: Feb-27-2023