1. Isidingo sokugcinwa kwamanzi
Zonke izinhlobo zezisekelo ezidinga udaka lokwakha zibe nezinga elithile lokumuncwa kwamanzi. Ngemuva kokuba ungqimba lwesisekelo umunca amanzi odaka, ukukhiqizwa kodaka kuzokonakala, futhi ezimweni ezinzima, futhi ezimweni ezisontekile ngodaka ngeke kufakwe ama-hydrate agcwele, okuphumela ngamandla aphansi phakathi kodaka oluhlaza okotshani kanye nesendlalelo sesisekelo, okwenza udaka lokuqhekeka futhi luwe. Uma udaka oluphambayo lusebenza kahle kokugcinwa kwamanzi, alukwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kodaka lodaka, kodwa futhi lwenza amanzi kudaka kunzima ukuba adonswe ungqimba lwesisekelo futhi aqinisekise i-hddrate eyanele yesendlalelo.
2. Izinkinga ngezindlela zokugcinwa kwamanzi kwendabuko
Isixazululo sendabuko ukunisela isisekelo, kepha akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isisekelo siyanyiswa ngokulinganayo. Ithagethi ekahle ye-hydration yodaka kasimende esisekelweni ukuthi umkhiqizo we-cyment hydration uthatha amanzi kanye nesisekelo, angena esisekelweni, futhi akha amandla asebenzayo e-base. Ukunisela ngqo ebusweni besisekelo kuzodala ukuhlakazeka okukhulu ekutholeni kwamanzi kwesisekelo ngenxa yokungafani kokushisa, isikhathi sokunisela kanye nokunisela. Isisekelo sinokutholwa kwamanzi okuncane futhi sizoqhubeka nokudonsa amanzi odongeni. Ngaphambi kokuthi i-Conment Hydration iqhubeka, amanzi amunwa, okuthinta i-hydration yesisikile kanye nokungena kwemikhiqizo ye-hydration kwi-matrix; Isisekelo sinokuthathwa kwamanzi okukhulu, namanzi asosimende ageleza ezansi. Ijubane lokufuduka eliphakathi lihamba kancane, futhi noma ungqimba olunothile lwamanzi kwakheka phakathi kodaka kanye ne-matrix, okubuye kuthinta amandla e-bond. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa indlela ejwayelekile yokunisela izisekelo ngeke kuhluleke kuphela ukuxazulula inkinga yokufakwa kwamanzi okuphezulu kwesisekelo sodonga, kepha kuzothinta amandla okubopha phakathi kodaka kanye nesisekelo, okuholela ekuhlolweni nasekuhlanganeni.
I-3. Izidingo zohlobo lwemithi ehlukene yokugcinwa kwamanzi
Izinga lokugcina lamanzi okuhlosiwe kwemikhiqizo yodaka olusetshenziswa endaweni ethile futhi ezindaweni ezinokushisa okufanayo nezimo zomswakama zihlongozwa ngezansi.
①Igh Amanzi Amuncungathanga Substrate
Ama-substrates aphezulu amuncu avezwa amelwe ngokhonkolo ongenelwe umoya, kufaka phakathi amabhodi ahlukahlukene angasindi, amabhlokhi, njll. Udaka olusetshenziselwa lolu hlobo lwesendlalelo lwesisekelo kufanele ube nezinga lokugcina amanzi elingaphansi kwama-88%.
②Low Amunction Substrate Substate Fotar
Ama-substrates aphansi amanzi aphansi amelwe ngokhonkolo we-cast-in-indawo, kufaka phakathi amabhodi e-polystyrene wokufakwa kodonga lwangaphandle, njll., Abe nokumunqwa kwamanzi amancane. Udaka olubusayo olusetshenziselwa ama-substrate anjalo kufanele abe nenani lokugcinwa kwamanzi elingaphansi kwama-88%.
③Thin ungqimba olubusayo
Ukulungiswa okuyisisekelo okuyisisekelo kubhekisele ekwakhiweni kokulungiswa ngokuqina okubukhali phakathi kuka-3 no-8 mm. Lolu hlobo lokwakhiwa kokulungiswa kulula ukulahlekelwa umswakama ngenxa yesendlalelo esincanyana sokufaka, esithinta ukusebenziseka namandla. Okomsindi osetshenziselwa lolu hlobo lokufaka khona kodaka, izinga laso lokugcina amanzi alikho ngaphansi kwama-99%.
④Thick ungqimba odaka usimende
Ukuphakelwa kongqimba obukhulu kubhekisele ekwakheni okufakwayo lapho ubukhulu bengqimba elilodwa lokufaka phakathi kuka-8mm no-20mm. Lolu hlobo lokwakhiwa kokulungiswa akulula ukulahlekelwa ngamanzi ngenxa yongqimba olubukhali oluwugqinsi, ngakho-ke izinga lokugcina lamanzi lodaka lokubumba alukho ngaphansi kwama-88%.
⑤Water-imelana ne-putty
I-putty engamelana nayo yamanzi isetshenziswa njengezinto ezilandelwayo ze-ultra-minwe-mncane, futhi ubukhulu bokwakhiwa okujwayelekile buphakathi kuka-1 no-2mm. Izinto ezinjalo zidinga izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu zokugcina amanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwazo namandla e-bond. Ngezinto zokwakha ama-putty, izinga layo lokugcina amanzi akufanele libe ngaphansi kwama-99%, kanye namazinga okugcinwa kwamanzi ama-tutty ezindongeni ezingaphandle kufanele abe mkhulu kune-tutty ezindongeni ezingaphakathi.
4. Izinhlobo zezinto zokugcina amanzi
I-Cellulose Ether
1) I-methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) I-Hydroxypropyllylylym methyl cellulose ether (HPMC)
3) I-Hydroxyyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) I-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Ether (CMC)
5) I-Hydroxyyethyll methyl cellulose ether (hemc)
Isitashi i-ether
1) I-Starch ether eguquliwe
2) GUAR ETHER
Isikhundla esiguquliwe sokugcina amanzi-sigcina (Montmorillonite, Bentonite, njll.)
Abayisihlanu, okulandelayo kugxile ekusebenzeni kwezinto ezahlukahlukene
1. I-cellulose ether
1.1 Ukubuka konke kwe-cellulose ether
I-Cellulose Ether yigama elijwayelekile lochungechunge lwemikhiqizo eyakhiwa ukusabela kwe-Alkali Cellulose kanye ne-ejenti yokuthezeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Izimpikiswano ezahlukahlukene ze-cellulose zitholakala ngoba i-alkali fiber ithathelwa indawo yi-ejenti ehlukile yokukhetha. Ngokwezakhiwo ze-Ionization zokufakaza kwazo, izithambiso ze-cellulose zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: ionic, njenge-carboxymethyl cellulose (cmc), ne-methyl cellulose (i-methyl cellulose (i-methyl cellulose (MC).
Ngokusho kwezinhlobo zabangemuva, ama-cellulose afers angahlukaniswa ama-monoethers, anjenge-methyl cellulose ether (MC), kanye ne-Hydroxyethyl carboxymelyl pultulezeylslyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Ngokwe-solvents ehlukile iyancibilika, ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-soluble yamanzi ne-organic solvent-soluble.
1.2 Izinhlobo eziphambili ze-cellulose
I-Carboxymethylcelcellellulose (CMC), degree degree esebenzayo yokufaka esikhundleni: 0.4-1.4; I-ejenti ye-etherifish, i-monooxyapetic acid; ukuhlukanisa i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Carboxymethyl hydroxyyethyl celtulose (CMHEC), izinga elisebenzayo lokungena esikhundleni: 0.7-1.0; I-Elentization Agent, i-monooxyapetic acid, ethylene oxide; ukuhlukanisa i-solvent, amanzi;
I-methylcellulose (MC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni sendawo: 1.5-2.4; Umenzeli we-Etherification, i-methyl chloride; ukuhlukanisa i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Hydroxyyethyl cellulose (HEC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni se-: 1.3-3.0; i-ejenti yokusheshisa, i-ethylene oxide; ukuhlukanisa i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Hydroxyyethyl methylcellulose (hemc), degree degree ebonakalayo yokungena esikhundleni: 1.5-2.0; Umenzeli we-Etherification, ethylene oxide, i-methyl chloride; ukuhlukanisa i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Hydroxypropylllul (HPC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni se- :,5-3,5; i-ejenti ye-etherifish, i-propylene oxide; ukuhlukanisa i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Hydroxypropylm methylcellulose (HPMC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni sendawo: 1.5-2.0; Umenzeli we-Etherification, i-propelene oxide, i-methyl chloride; ukuhlukanisa i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Ethyl Cellulose (EC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni se-ExpereiTitution: 2.3-2.6; Umenzeli we-Etherification, Monochlorothene; ukuhlukanisa i-solvent, i-organic solvent;
I-Ethyl Hydroxyyethyl celtulose (EHEC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni se-: 2.4-2.8; Umenzeli we-Etherification, Monochlorothene, Ethylene oxide; ukuhlukanisa i-solvent, i-organic solvent;
1.3 Izakhiwo ze-cellulose
1.3.1 methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①metylcellulose incane emanzini abandayo, futhi kuzoba nzima ukuncibilikisa emanzini ashisayo. Isixazululo saso samanzi sizinzile kakhulu ebangeni le-PH = 3-12. Inokuhambisana okuhle nesitashi, isiGungu seGum, njll. Futhi ama-surfactants amaningi. Lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela izinga lokushisa le-gelation, kwenzeka.
② Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methylcellose kuncike kwinani layo lokungezwa, i-viscosity, izinhlayiya izinhlayiyana kanye nezinga lokuchithwa. Ngokuvamile, uma inani lokungeza likhulu, ubuciko buncane, futhi ukubonwa kukhulu, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kuphezulu. Phakathi kwazo, inani lokungezelela linomthelela omkhulu ekugcinweni kwamanzi, futhi ukubonakala okuphansi kakhulu akusifani ngqo nezinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi. Izinga lokuchithwa ikakhulukazi lincike ezingeni lokuguqulwa komhlaba kwezinhlayiya ze-celluLose kanye nezinhlayiyane izinhlayiyana. Phakathi kwezithathela ze-cellulose, i-methyl cellulose inezinga eliphakeme lokugcina amanzi.
③Ushintsho lokushisa luzothinta kakhulu isilinganiso sokugcinwa kwamanzi se-methyl cellulose. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, elibi kakhulu nokugcinwa kwamanzi. Uma izinga lokushisa lodaka lidlula ama-40 ° C, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methyl cellulose kuzoba mpofu kakhulu, okuzothinta kakhulu ukwakhiwa kodaka.
④ I-methyl celtulose inomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni nasekunamathiselwe kodaka. I- "Adhesion" Lapha lapha ibhekisela kumandla anamathele azwakala phakathi kwethuluzi lomfakisicelo wesisebenzi kanye nodonga substrate, okungukuthi, ukumelana nokuncipha kodaka kodaka. Ukunamathelayo kuphezulu, ukumelana nokugunda kodaka kukhulu, futhi abasebenzi badinga amandla amaningi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, futhi ukusebenza kodaka kuba mpofu. I-Methyl celtulese anhesion isezingeni eliphakathi ku-Cellulose Ether Products.
1.3.2 I-Hydroxypropylylylylym methyl cellulose ether (HPMC)
I-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ngumkhiqizo wefiber okhipha imali ekhuphuka ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva.
Kuyi-etherthel expose exubile ekhishwe kukotini ecwengekile ngemuva kwe-alkalization, esebenzisa i-propelene oxide kanye ne-methyl chloride njenge-etherization agents, nangochungechunge lokuphendula. Izinga lokufakwa esikhundleni ngokuvamile 1.5-2.0. Izakhiwo zalo zihlukile ngenxa yezilinganiso ezihlukile zokuqukethwe kwe-methoxyl nokuqukethwe kwe-hydroxypropyl. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-methoxyl nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-hydroxypropyl, ukusebenza kusondele ku-methyl cellulose; Okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-methoxyl nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-hydroxypropyl, ukusebenza kusondelene ne-hydroxypropyllllls.
①HyDroxypropylllylyl Methylcellulose kalula incibilika emanzini abandayo, futhi kuzoba nzima ukuncibilikisa emanzini ashisayo. Kepha izinga lokushisa layo le-gelation emanzini ashisayo liphakeme kakhulu kunalelo ye-methyl cellulose. I-solubity emanzini abandayo nayo yathuthukiswa kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-methyl cellulose.
I-Viscosity ye-hydroxypropyllylylylyl methylcellulose ihlobene nesisindo sayo samangqamuzana, futhi ikhuphuka isisindo samangqamuzana, ikhuphuka i-viscosity. Ukushisa futhi kuthinta ukubonakala kwayo, njengoba izinga lokushisa liyanda, ukuhlakanipha kuyancipha. Kepha ukubonakala kwayo kuthinteka kancane ngokushisa kune-methyl cellulose. Isixazululo saso sizinzile lapho zigcinwa emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni.
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-hydroxypropylllylyllylylylylulose kuncike kwinani layo lokungezwa, ukubonakala, njll.
④HyDroxypypropyllylyl Methylcellulose uzinze nge-acid ne-alkali, bese kuthi isixazululo saso samanzi sizinzile kakhulu ebusweni bakwaPh = 2-12. Amanzi e-caustic kanye nama-lime anomthelela omncane ekusebenzeni kwawo, kepha u-Alkali angasheshisa ukuchitheka kwawo futhi akhulise ukubonwa kwawo kancane. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is stable to common salts, but when the concentration of salt solution is high, the viscosity of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution tends to increase.
⑤HyDroxypropylllyrylyl Methylcellulose ingahlanganiswa nama-polymers ancibilikisiwe amanzi ukwakha isixazululo esifanayo nesibonakalayo ngokubonakala okuphezulu. Njengotshwala be-polyvinyl, isitashi ether, gum yemifino, njll.
⑥ I-Hydroxypropylllykyl methylcellulose inokumelana okungcono kwe-enzyme kune-methylcellulose, futhi isixazululo saso mancane amathuba okuthi sehliselwe ama-enzyme kune-methylcellulose.
Ukunamathela kwe-hydroxypropyllylyly methylcellulose ku-wortar yokwakha kuphakeme kunalokho kwe-methylcellulose.
1.3.3 I-Hydroxyyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
Kwenziwa ngokotoni ocwengekile ophathwe nge-alkali, futhi wasabela nge-ethylene oxide njenge-ejenti ye-ejenti phambi kwe-acetone. Izinga lokufakwa esikhundleni ngokuvamile 1.5-2.0. Ine-hydrophilicity eqinile futhi kulula ukumunca umswakama.
①HyDroxYEthyl celtulose incane emanzini abandayo, kepha kunzima ukuncibilikisa emanzini ashisayo. Isixazululo saso sizinzile ngokushisa okuphezulu ngaphandle kokugoba. Ingasetjenziswa isikhathi eside ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu ngodaka, kepha ukugcinwa kwalo kwamanzi kuphansi kunalokho kwe-methyl cellulose.
②HyDroxYEthyl celtuleOse uzinzele i-acid evamile ne-alkali. I-Alkali ingasheshisa ukuchithwa kwayo futhi yandise kancane ukubonakala kwayo. Ukungafani kwalo emanzini kubi kakhulu kunalokho kwe-methyl cellulose ne-hydroxypropylyly methyl cellulose.
③HyDroxYEthyl celtulose inokusebenza okuhle kwe-anti-sag ngodaka, kepha inesikhathi eside sokubuyisa isimende.
Ukusebenza kwe-Hydroxyyethyl celtulose ekhiqizwe amanye amabhizinisi asekhaya ngokusobala kuphansi kunalokho kwe-methyl cellulose ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwamanzi okuphezulu nokuqukethwe komlotha okuphezulu.
1.3.4 I-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Ether (CMC) yenziwa ngemicu yemvelo (ukotini, i-hemp, njll. Izinga lokufaka esikhundleni ngokuvamile lingu-0.4-1.4, futhi ukusebenza kwalo kuthinteka kakhulu ngezinga lokufaka esikhundleni.
①Carboxymethylllulose kakhulu i-hygroscopic kakhulu, futhi izoqukatha inani elikhulu lamanzi lapho igcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
②HyDroxyMeTyyl cellulose ikhambi elinamanzi ngeke likhiqize ijeli, futhi i-viscosity izokwehla ngokwanda kokushisa. Lapho izinga lokushisa lidlula ama-50 ℃, i-viscosity ayinakuphikwa.
Ukuqina kwayo kuthinteka kakhulu ph. Ngokuvamile, ingasetshenziswa ku-gypsum osuselwa ku-gypsum, kepha hhayi ngodaka olususelwa kuso usimende. Lapho i-alkali kakhulu, ilahlekelwa ukubonakala.
Ukugcinwa kwayo kwamanzi kuphansi kakhulu kunalokho kwe-methyl cellulose. Inomphumela wokubuyisa emuva ku-gypsum osuselwa ku-gypsum futhi wehlise amandla ayo. Kodwa-ke, intengo ye-carboxymethyl celtulose iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose.
2. I-Starch Ether eguquliwe
AbakwaStarch Abathathi ngokuvamile abasetshenziswa ezitsheni baguqulwa kusuka kuma-polymers emvelo athile ama-polysaccharides. Njengezambane, ummbila, uCassava, ubhontshisi waseGuint, njll. Zishintshwa zaba abaphethe izinkanyezi eziguquliwe. I-Starch Talers evame ukusetshenziswa kudaka yi-hydroxypropylyly starch ether, i-hydroxymethyl starch ether, njll.
Ngokuvamile, izithambisi zesitashi eziguquliwe kusuka kumazambane, ummbila, kanye nomdumbula bancike kakhulu ukugcinwa kwamanzi kune-cellulose afes. Ngenxa yezinga elihlukile lokuguqulwa, libonisa ukuqina okuhlukile ku-acid ne-alkali. Eminye imikhiqizo ilungele ukusetshenziswa ku-Gypsum esekwe ku-Gypsum, kanti abanye abakwazi ukusetshenziswa odongeni olususelwa kusawoti. Ukusetshenziswa kwesitashi ether ngodaka kusetshenziswa kakhulu njengomuntu omkhulu ukuthuthukisa impahla elwa nokusabalalisa kodaka, wehlise ukunamathela kodaka olumanzi, futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuvula.
I-Starch Tashers imvamisa isetshenziswa kanye ne-cellulose, okuholela ezizameni ezihambisanayo nezinzuzo zemikhiqizo emibili. Njengoba imikhiqizo yesitashi ether ishibhile kakhulu kune-cellulose ether, ukusetshenziswa kwe-starch ether ngodaka kuzoletha ukwehliswa okukhulu kwezindleko zokwakhiwa kodaka.
3. IGuar gum ether
UGuar Gum ether uluhlobo lwe-etherifing polysaccharide enezakhiwo ezikhethekile, eziguqulwa kusuka kubhontshisi wezemvelo we-guar. Kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kokusheshisa phakathi kwama-gum gum kanye nama-acrylic functional amaqembu, isakhiwo esiqukethe amaqembu asebenzayo esingu-2-hydroxypropyl.
Kufakwe nge-cellulose ether, i-guar gum ether kulula ukuyiyeka emanzini. Ph ngokuyisisekelo akunamthelela ekusebenzeni kweGuar Gum Ether.
Faka izimo zokuvunywa okuphansi kanye nomthamo ophansi, gum gum angathatha isikhundla se-cellulose ether ngenani elilinganayo, futhi linokugcinwa kwamanzi okufanayo. Kepha ukuvumelana, anti-sag, Thixotropy nokunye okusobala kuthuthukiswa.
Faka izimo zokuvuleka okuphezulu kanye nomthamo omkhulu, gum gum angeke athathe indawo esikhundleni se-cellulose ether, futhi ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kwalokhu okubili kuzokhiqiza ukusebenza okungcono.
④Ukusetshenziswa kweGuar Gum ku-Gypsum osuselwa ku-Gypsum kunganciphisa kakhulu ukunamathela ngesikhathi sokwakha futhi wenze ukwakhiwa kube bushelelezi. Ingenamphumela omubi ngesikhathi sokusetha namandla e-gypsum ngodaka.
⑤ Lapho i-guar gum isetshenziswa ku-mason-based mason-based mason kanye nodaka oluphambayo, ingathatha isikhundla se-cellulose ether ngenani elilinganayo, bese likhipha udaka ngokumelana okungcono,
⑥Ingosimende ngokubonakala okuphezulu nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-ejenti agcinwe amanzi, iGum Gum ne-cellulose ether izosebenzisana ukufeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
⑦ Gur gum angasetshenziswa futhi kwimikhiqizo efana nama-tile anamathela, ama-ejenti wokuzimela phansi, amelana namanzi, kanye nodaka lwamanzi, nodaka lwe-polymer lokufakelwa kodonga.
I-4
Umkhulu wokugcina amanzi owenziwe ngamaminerali wemvelo ngokuguqulwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kusetshenzisiwe eChina. Amaminerali amakhulu asetshenziselwa ukulungiselela izikhukhula zokugcina amanzi kukhona Lolu hlobo lokuqina lwamanzi okusetshenziselwa udaka lunezici ezilandelayo.
① Kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kodaka ojwayelekile, futhi ukuxazulula izinkinga zokusebenza kabi kodaka ngodaka, amandla aphansi odaka oluhlanganisiwe, kanye nokuphikiswa kwamanzi ampofu.
② Imikhiqizo yodumo enamazinga ahlukene wamandla wezakhiwo ezijwayelekile zezimboni nezemiphakathi zingakhiwa.
Izindleko ezibonakalayo ziphansi.
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kuphansi kunalokho kwama-organic water Returtuntion agents, kanye nenani le-shrinkage elomile lodaka olulungiselelwe lukhulu, futhi ukuhlangana kuncishisiwe.
Isikhathi sePosi: Mar-03-2023