1. Isidingo sokugcinwa kwamanzi
Zonke izinhlobo zezisekelo ezidinga udaka ukuze kwakhiwe zinezinga elithile lokumuncwa kwamanzi.Ngemuva kokuthi ungqimba oluyisisekelo lumunca amanzi odakeni, ukwakheka kodaka kuzowohloka, futhi ezimeni ezinzima, izinto zikasimende odakeni ngeke zigcwaliswe ngokuphelele, okuholela kumandla aphansi, ikakhulukazi amandla okuxhumana phakathi kodaka oluqinile. kanye nongqimba oluyisisekelo, okwenza udaka luqhekeke futhi liwe.Uma i-plastering mortar inomsebenzi ofanelekile wokugcinwa kwamanzi, ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ngokuphumelelayo ukusebenza kokwakhiwa kodaka, kodwa futhi yenza amanzi odaka kube nzima ukumuncwa ungqimba oluyisisekelo futhi aqinisekise i-hydration eyanele ye-samente.
2. Izinkinga ngezindlela zendabuko zokugcina amanzi
Isixazululo sendabuko ukunisela isisekelo, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isisekelo siswakanyiswe ngokulinganayo.Inhloso efanelekile ye-hydration yodaka lukasimende esisekelweni ukuthi umkhiqizo we-cement hydration uthatha amanzi kanye nesisekelo, ungene esisekelweni, futhi wenze "uxhumano oluyinhloko" oluphumelelayo nesisekelo, ukuze kuzuzwe amandla esibopho adingekayo.Ukunisela ngokuqondile phezu kwesisekelo kuzodala ukuhlakazeka okukhulu ekumunceni kwamanzi kwesisekelo ngenxa yokuhluka kwezinga lokushisa, isikhathi sokunisela, nokufana kokunisela.Isisekelo sinokumuncwa okuncane kwamanzi futhi sizoqhubeka nokumunca amanzi osimende.Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka kwe-cement hydration, amanzi adonswa, okuthinta i-samente hydration kanye nokungena kwemikhiqizo ye-hydration ku-matrix;isisekelo sinokumuncwa okukhulu kwamanzi, futhi amanzi odaka agelezela esisekelweni.Ijubane eliphakathi lokufuduka lihamba kancane, futhi ngisho nongqimba olunothile ngamanzi luyakhiwa phakathi kodaka kanye ne-matrix, okuphinde kuthinte amandla esibopho.Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa indlela evamile yokunisela isisekelo ngeke nje kuhluleke ukuxazulula ngokuphumelelayo inkinga yokumuncwa kwamanzi amaningi kwesisekelo sodonga, kodwa kuzothinta amandla okubopha phakathi kodaka nesisekelo, okuholela ekubhobozeni nasekuqhekekeni.
3. Izidingo zodaka ezahlukene zokugcina amanzi
Izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi okuhlosiwe kwemikhiqizo yodaka esetshenziswa endaweni ethile nasezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa elifanayo kanye nezimo zomswakama zihlongozwa ngezansi.
①Udaka lokuplasta olunakiwe olumunca amanzi aphezulu
Ama-substrates aphakeme amunca amanzi amelwe ukhonkolo ofakwe emoyeni, okuhlanganisa amabhodi okuhlukanisa angasindi ahlukahlukene, amabhlogo, njll., anezici zokumunca amanzi amakhulu kanye nobude besikhathi eside.Udaka lokuplasta olusetshenziselwa lolu hlobo lwesisekelo kufanele lube nenani lokugcinwa kwamanzi elingekho ngaphansi kwama-88%.
②Udaka olunameka olufakwe emanzini aphansi
Ama-substrates amunca amanzi aphansi amelwe ukhonkolo ofakwe endaweni, okuhlanganisa amabhodi e-polystyrene okufakwa odongeni lwangaphandle, njll., anomunca amanzi uma kuqhathaniswa.Udaka lokuplasta olusetshenziselwa ama-substrate anjalo kufanele lube nenani lokugcinwa kwamanzi elingekho ngaphansi kwama-88%.
③ Udaka olunamekwe ngongqimba oluncane
Ukuplasta okuwungqimba oluncane kubhekisela ekwakhiweni kokuplasta ngogqinsi oluphakathi kuka-3 no-8 mm.Lolu hlobo lokwakhiwa kwe-plaster kulula ukulahlekelwa umswakama ngenxa yongqimba oluncane lwe-plastering, oluthinta ukusebenza namandla.Ngodaka olusetshenziselwa lolu hlobo lokuplasta, izinga layo lokugcinwa kwamanzi alikho ngaphansi kwama-99%.
④Udaka olunakiwe olugqinsile
Ukuplasta ngongqimba oluwugqinsi kubhekisela ekwakhiweni kokuplasta lapho ubukhulu bongqimba olulodwa bokuplasta buphakathi kuka-8mm no-20mm.Lolu hlobo lokwakhiwa kokuplasta akulula ukulahlekelwa amanzi ngenxa yongqimba olugqinsi lukakhonkolo, ngakho-ke izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi odaka lokuplasta akufanele libe ngaphansi kwama-88%.
⑤I-putty engavimbeli amanzi
I-putty engavimbeli amanzi isetshenziswa njenge-ultra-thin plastering material, futhi ubukhulu bokwakha obujwayelekile buphakathi kuka-1 no-2mm.Izinto ezinjalo zidinga izindawo zokugcina amanzi eziphakeme kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwazo namandla ebhondi.Ngezinto ze-putty, izinga layo lokugcinwa kwamanzi akufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-99%, futhi izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-putty ezindongeni zangaphandle kufanele libe likhulu kune-putty yezindonga zangaphakathi.
4. Izinhlobo zezinto ezigcina amanzi
I-cellulose ether
1) I-Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) I-Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) I-Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) I-Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Isitashi ether
1) I-ether yesitashi eshintshiwe
2) Gcoba i-ether
I-thickener eguquliwe egcina amanzi amaminerali (i-montmorillonite, i-bentonite, njll.)
Okwesihlanu, okulandelayo kugxile ekusebenzeni kwezinto ezahlukahlukene
1. I-cellulose ether
1.1 Uhlolojikelele lwe-Cellulose Ether
I-Cellulose ether yitemu elivamile lochungechunge lwemikhiqizo elakhiwe ukusabela kwe-alkali cellulose kanye ne-etherification ejenti ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.Kutholakala ama-ether e-cellulose ahlukene ngenxa yokuthi i-alkali fibre ithathelwa indawo ama-etherification ahlukene.Ngokuvumelana nezakhiwo ze-ionization yezinto ezithatha indawo yayo, ama-cellulose ether angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezimbili: i-ionic, njenge-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), kanye ne-nonionic, njenge-methyl cellulose (MC).
Ngokwezinhlobo zama-substitute, ama-cellulose ether angahlukaniswa abe ama-monother, njenge-methyl cellulose ether (MC), nama-ether axubile, njenge-hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC).Ngokwezincibilikisi ezihlukene ezincibilikayo, zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: i-water-soluble kanye ne-organic solvent-soluble.
1.2 Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-cellulose
I-Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), izinga elisebenzayo lokushintshwa: 0.4-1.4;i-etherification ejenti, i-monooxyacetic acid;i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), izinga elisebenzayo lokushintshwa: 0.7-1.0;i-etherification ejenti, i-monooxyacetic acid, i-ethylene oxide;i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Methylcellulose (MC), izinga elisebenzayo lokushintshwa: 1.5-2.4;i-etherification ejenti, i-methyl chloride;i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni: 1.3-3.0;i-etherification agent, i-ethylene oxide;i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni: 1.5-2.0;i-etherification ejenti, i-ethylene oxide, i-methyl chloride;i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni: 2.5-3.5;i-etherification ejenti, i-propylene oxide;i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni: 1.5-2.0;i-etherification agent, i-propylene oxide, i-methyl chloride;i-solvent, amanzi;
I-Ethyl cellulose (EC), izinga elisebenzayo lokufaka esikhundleni: 2.3-2.6;i-etherification ejenti, i-monochloroethane;ukuncibilikisa i-solvent, i-organic solvent;
I-Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), izinga elisebenzayo lokushintshwa: 2.4-2.8;i-etherification ejenti, i-monochloroethane, i-ethylene oxide;ukuncibilikisa i-solvent, i-organic solvent;
1.3 Izakhiwo ze-cellulose
1.3.1 I-Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①I-Methylcellulose iyancibilika emanzini abandayo, futhi kuzoba nzima ukuyincibilika emanzini ashisayo.Isixazululo sayo esinamanzi sizinze kakhulu kububanzi obungu-PH=3-12.Inokuhambisana okuhle nesitashi, i-guar gum, njll kanye nama-surfactants amaningi.Lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela izinga lokushisa le-gelation, i-gelation iyenzeka.
②Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methylcellulose kuncike enanini layo elingeziwe, i-viscosity, ukucoleka kwezinhlayiyana nezinga lokuqedwa.Ngokuvamile, uma inani elingeziwe likhulu, ukucoleka kuncane, futhi i-viscosity inkulu, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kuphezulu.Phakathi kwazo, inani lokwengeza linomthelela omkhulu ekugcineni amanzi, futhi i-viscosity ephansi kakhulu ayilingani ngokuqondile nezinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi.Izinga lokuhlakazeka lincike ikakhulukazi ezingeni lokuguqulwa kwendawo yezinhlayiya ze-cellulose kanye nokucoleka kwezinhlayiyana.Phakathi kwama-cellulose ethers, i-methyl cellulose inezinga eliphezulu lokugcinwa kwamanzi.
③Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuzothinta kakhulu izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi le-methyl cellulose.Ngokuvamile, lapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu, kuba kubi nakakhulu ukugcinwa kwamanzi.Uma izinga lokushisa lodaka lidlula ama-40 ° C, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methyl cellulose kuzoba kubi kakhulu, okuzothinta kakhulu ukwakhiwa kodaka.
④ I-Methyl cellulose inomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni nasekunamatheleni kodaka.Igama elithi “adhesion” lapha libhekisela emandleni okunamathela azwakala phakathi kwethuluzi lokufaka isicelo lesisebenzi kanye ne-substrate yodonga, okungukuthi, ukumelana ne-shear kodaka.Ukunamathela kuphezulu, ukumelana nokugunda kodaka kukhulu, futhi abasebenzi badinga amandla engeziwe ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, futhi ukusebenza kokwakhiwa kodaka kuba mpofu.I-Methyl cellulose adhesion isezingeni elilinganiselwe emikhiqizweni ye-cellulose ether.
1.3.2 I-Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
IHydroxypropyl methylcellulose iwumkhiqizo wefayibha okukhipha kwawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kukhuphuka ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva.
I-ether engeyona i-ionic cellulose exutshwe ukotini ocolile ngemva kokwenziwa kwe-alkalization, kusetshenziswa i-propylene oxide ne-methyl chloride njengama-etherification agents, futhi ngochungechunge lokusabela.Izinga lokushintsha ngokuvamile liyi-1.5-2.0.Izakhiwo zayo zihlukile ngenxa yezilinganiso ezihlukene zokuqukethwe kwe-methoxyl nokuqukethwe kwe-hydroxypropyl.Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-methoxyl nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-hydroxypropyl, ukusebenza kuseduze ne-methyl cellulose;okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-methoxyl nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-hydroxypropyl, ukusebenza kuseduze ne-hydroxypropyl cellulose.
①I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose incibilika kalula emanzini abandayo, futhi kuzoba nzima ukuyincibilika emanzini ashisayo.Kodwa izinga lokushisa layo le-gelation emanzini ashisayo liphakeme kakhulu kunalelo le-methyl cellulose.I-solubility emanzini abandayo nayo ithuthuke kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-methyl cellulose.
② I-viscosity ye-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ihlobene nesisindo sayo samangqamuzana, futhi ukuphakama kwesisindo samangqamuzana, i-viscosity ephezulu.Ukushisa nakho kuthinta i-viscosity yayo, njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, i-viscosity iyancipha.Kodwa i-viscosity yayo ayithinteki kangako izinga lokushisa kune-methyl cellulose.Isixazululo saso sizinzile uma sigcinwe ekamelweni lokushisa.
③Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kuncike enanini layo elingeziwe, i-viscosity, njll., futhi izinga layo lokugcinwa kwamanzi ngaphansi kwenani elifanayo lokwengezwa lingaphezulu kwele-methyl cellulose.
④I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose izinzile ku-asidi ne-alkali, futhi isisombululo sayo esinamanzi sizinze kakhulu kububanzi be-PH=2-12.I-Caustic soda namanzi e-lime anomthelela omncane ekusebenzeni kwawo, kodwa i-alkali ingasheshisa ukuchithwa kwayo futhi ikhulise kancane i-viscosity yayo.IHydroxypropyl methylcellulose izinzile kusawoti ovamile, kodwa lapho ukuhlangana kwesixazululo sikasawoti kuphezulu, i-viscosity ye-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution ivame ukwanda.
⑤I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ingaxutshwa nama-polymers ancibilika emanzini ukuze kwakheke isixazululo esifana nesesisobala esine-viscosity ephezulu.Okufana ne-polyvinyl alcohol, isitashi ether, ushingamu wemifino, njll.
⑥ I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inokumelana ne-enzyme okungcono kune-methylcellulose, futhi isisombululo sayo mancane amathuba okuthi sonakaliswe ama-enzyme kune-methylcellulose.
⑦ Ukunamathela kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ekwakhiweni kodaka kungaphezulu kwalokho kwe-methylcellulose.
1.3.3 I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
Yenziwe ngokotini ocolisisiwe ophathwe nge-alkali, futhi isabela nge-ethylene oxide njenge-etherification ejenti lapho kukhona i-acetone.Izinga lokushintsha ngokuvamile liyi-1.5-2.0.Ine-hydrophilicity eqinile futhi kulula ukumunca umswakama.
①I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose iyancibilika emanzini abandayo, kodwa kunzima ukuyincibilika emanzini ashisayo.Isixazululo saso sizinzile ekushiseni okuphezulu ngaphandle kwe-gelling.Ingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu odakeni, kodwa ukugcinwa kwayo kwamanzi kuphansi kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose.
②I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose izinzile ku-asidi evamile kanye ne-alkali.I-alkali ingasheshisa ukuqedwa kwayo futhi ikhulise kancane i-viscosity yayo.Ukuhlakazeka kwayo emanzini kubi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose ne-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose inokusebenza okuhle kwe-anti-sag kudaka, kodwa inesikhathi eside sokubambezeleka kukasimende.
④Ukusebenza kwe-hydroxyethyl cellulose ekhiqizwa amanye amabhizinisi asekhaya ngokusobala kuphansi kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwamanzi kanye nomlotha omningi.
1.3.4 I-Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) yenziwe ngemicu yemvelo (ukotini, i-hemp, njll.) ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-alkali, kusetshenziswa i-sodium monochloroacetate njenge-etherification agent, futhi yenza uchungechunge lwezindlela zokwelapha zokusabela ukwenza i-ionic cellulose ether.Izinga lokushintsha ngokuvamile lingu-0.4-1.4, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuthintwa kakhulu izinga lokushintsha.
①I-Carboxymethyl cellulose ine-hygroscopic kakhulu, futhi izoqukatha inani elikhulu lamanzi uma igcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
②Isixazululo samanzi se-Hydroxymethyl cellulose ngeke sikhiqize ijeli, futhi i-viscosity izokwehla ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa.Uma izinga lokushisa lingaphezu kuka-50 ℃, i-viscosity ayinakubuyela emuva.
③ Ukuzinza kwayo kuthintwa kakhulu i-pH.Ngokuvamile, ingasetshenziswa odakeni olusekelwe ku-gypsum, kodwa hhayi odakeni olusekelwe kusimende.Uma kune-alkaline kakhulu, ilahlekelwa yi-viscosity.
④ Ukugcinwa kwawo kwamanzi kuphansi kakhulu kunalokho kwe-methyl cellulose.Inomphumela wokuhlehlisa odakeni olususelwa ku-gypsum futhi inciphisa amandla ayo.Nokho, intengo ye-carboxymethyl cellulose iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose.
2. I-ether yesitashi eshintshiwe
Ama-ether esitashi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa odakeni aguqulwa asuka kuma-polymer emvelo amanye ama-polysaccharides.Okufana namazambane, ummbila, umdumbula, ubhontshisi we-guar, njll. kushintshwa kube ama-estashi e-starch ahlukahlukene.Ama-ether esitashi avame ukusetshenziswa odakeni yi-hydroxypropyl starch ether, i-hydroxymethyl starch ether, njll.
Ngokuvamile, ama-ether esitashi ashintshwe amazambane, ummbila, nomdumbula anokugcinwa kwamanzi okuphansi kakhulu kune-cellulose ethers.Ngenxa yezinga layo elihlukile lokuguqulwa, libonisa ukuzinza okuhlukile ku-asidi ne-alkali.Eminye imikhiqizo ilungele ukusetshenziswa odakeni olusekelwe ku-gypsum, kanti eminye ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa odakeni olusekelwe kusimende.Ukufakwa kwe-starch ether odakeni kusetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njenge-thickener ukuze kuthuthukiswe indawo yokulwa nokucwila kodaka, ukunciphisa ukunamathela kodaka olumanzi, nokwandisa isikhathi sokuvula.
Ama-ether esitashi avame ukusetshenziswa kanye ne-cellulose, okuholela ezicini ezihambisanayo kanye nezinzuzo zemikhiqizo emibili.Njengoba imikhiqizo yesitashi se-ether ishibhile kakhulu kune-cellulose ether, ukusetshenziswa kwe-starch ether odakeni kuzoletha ukwehla okukhulu kwezindleko zokwakhiwa kodaka.
3. I-Guar gum ether
I-Guar gum ether iwuhlobo lwe-polysaccharide e-etherified enezici ezikhethekile, eshintshwa kusukela kubhontshisi we-guar wemvelo.Ikakhulukazi ngokusabela kwe-etherification phakathi kwe-guar gum namaqembu asebenzayo e-acrylic, kwakheka isakhiwo esiqukethe amaqembu asebenzayo we-2-hydroxypropyl, okuyisakhiwo se-polygalactomannose.
①Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-cellulose ether, i-guar gum ether kulula ukuncibilika emanzini.I-PH empeleni ayinawo umthelela ekusebenzeni kwe-guar gum ether.
②Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-viscosity ephansi kanye nomthamo ophansi, i-guar gum ingashintsha i-cellulose ether ngenani elilinganayo, futhi inokugcinwa kwamanzi okufanayo.Kodwa ukungaguquguquki, i-anti-sag, i-thixotropy nokunye ngokusobala kuthuthukisiwe.
③Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-viscosity ephezulu kanye nomthamo omkhulu, i-guar gum ayikwazi ukufaka i-cellulose ether, futhi ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kwakho kokubili kuzoveza ukusebenza okungcono.
④Ukusetshenziswa kwe-guar gum odakeni olususelwa ku-gypsum kunganciphisa kakhulu ukunamathela ngesikhathi sokwakha futhi kwenze ukwakhiwa kube bushelelezi.Ayinawo umthelela omubi ekubekeni isikhathi namandla e-gypsum mortar.
⑤ Uma iguar gum isetshenziswa kusimende kanye nosimende olwakhiwe ngosimende, ingashintsha i-cellulose ether ngenani elilinganayo, futhi inikeze udaka ukumelana nokuntenga okungcono, i-thixotropy kanye nobushelelezi bokwakha.
⑥Esimendeni esine-viscosity ephezulu nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-ejenti egcina amanzi, i-guar gum ne-cellulose ether kuzosebenza ndawonye ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
⑦ I-Guar gum ingasetshenziswa emikhiqizweni efana nezinamatheliso zamathayili, izinto ezizilinganisa phansi, i-putty engangeni manzi, kanye nodaka lwe-polymer ukuze kufakwe udonga.
4. Umuthi oguquliwe wamaminerali ogcina amanzi
I-thickener egcina amanzi eyenziwe ngamaminerali emvelo ngokulungiswa nokuhlanganisa isetshenziswe eShayina.Amaminerali amakhulu asetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-thickeners okugcina amanzi yilawa: i-sepiolite, i-bentonite, i-montmorillonite, i-kaolin, njll. Lawa mamineral anezindawo ezithile zokugcina amanzi kanye nokujiya ngokuguqulwa njengama-coupling agents.Lolu hlobo lwe-thickener egcina amanzi efakwe odakeni lunezici ezilandelayo.
① Ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kodaka olujwayelekile, futhi ixazulule izinkinga zokungasebenzi kahle kodaka lukasimende, amandla aphansi odaka oluxubile, kanye nokungazweli kahle kwamanzi.
② Imikhiqizo yodaka enamazinga ahlukene wamandla wezakhiwo ezijwayelekile zezimboni kanye nezomphakathi ingakhiwa.
③Izindleko zempahla ziphansi.
④ Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kungaphansi kwalokho kwama-ejenti agcina amanzi emvelo, futhi inani lokushwabana elomile lodaka olulungisiwe likhulu ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi ukuhlangana kuyancipha.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-03-2023